Luke 22:1 ¶ Now the feast of unleavened bread drew nigh, which is called the Passover. 2 And the chief priests and scribes sought how they might kill him; for they feared the people. 3 Then entered Satan into Judas surnamed Iscariot, being of the number of the twelve. 4 And he went his way, and communed with the chief priests and captains, how he might betray him unto them. 5 And they were glad, and covenanted to give him money. 6 And he promised, and sought opportunity to betray him unto them in the absence of the multitude.
The Feast of Unleavened Bread and its relationship to the Passover
should be read from the Old Testament.
Exodus
12:1 ¶ And the LORD spake unto Moses and
Aaron in the land of Egypt, saying, 2
This month shall be unto
you the beginning of months: it shall
be the first month of the year to you. 3
Speak ye unto all the congregation of Israel, saying, In the tenth day of this month they shall take to
them every man a lamb, according to the house of their fathers, a lamb for an house: 4 And if the household be too little for the
lamb, let him and his neighbour next unto his house take it according to the number of the
souls; every man according to his eating shall make your count for the lamb.
5 Your lamb shall be without blemish, a
male of the first year: ye shall take it
out from the sheep, or from the goats: 6
And ye shall keep it up until the fourteenth day of the same month: and
the whole assembly of the congregation of Israel shall kill it in the evening.
7 And they shall take of the blood, and
strike it on the two side posts
and on the upper door post of the houses, wherein they shall eat it. 8 And they shall eat the flesh in that night,
roast with fire, and unleavened bread; and
with bitter herbs they shall
eat it. 9 Eat not of it raw, nor sodden
at all with water, but roast with
fire; his head with his legs, and with the purtenance thereof. 10 And ye shall let nothing of it remain until
the morning; and that which remaineth of it until the
morning
ye shall burn with fire. 11 And thus
shall ye eat it; with your
loins girded, your shoes on your feet, and your staff in your hand; and ye
shall eat it in haste: it is
the LORD’S passover. 12 For I will pass
through the land of Egypt this night, and will smite all the firstborn in the
land of Egypt, both man and beast; and against all the gods of Egypt I will
execute judgment: I am the
LORD. 13 And the blood shall be to you
for a token upon the houses where ye are:
and when I see the blood, I will pass over you, and the plague shall not be
upon you to destroy you, when I
smite the land of Egypt. 14 And this day
shall be unto you for a memorial; and ye shall keep it a feast to the LORD
throughout your generations; ye shall keep it a feast by an ordinance for ever.
15 Seven days shall ye eat unleavened
bread; even the first day ye shall put away leaven out of your houses: for
whosoever eateth leavened bread from the first day until the seventh day, that
soul shall be cut off from Israel. 16
And in the first day there
shall be an holy convocation, and in the seventh day there shall be an
holy convocation to you; no manner of work shall be done in them, save that which every man must eat, that
only may be done of you. 17 And ye shall
observe the feast of unleavened
bread; for in this selfsame day have I brought your armies out of the land of
Egypt: therefore shall ye observe this day in your generations by an ordinance
for ever. 18 In the first month, on the fourteenth day of the
month at even, ye shall eat unleavened bread, until the one and twentieth day
of the month at even. 19 Seven days
shall there be no leaven found in your houses: for whosoever eateth that which
is leavened, even that
soul
shall be cut off from the congregation of Israel, whether he be a stranger, or
born in the land. 20 Ye shall eat
nothing leavened; in all your habitations shall ye eat unleavened bread.
The chief priests and the scribes sought how they could kill Jesus
but not in such a way as to arouse the riotous inclinations of an unruly people
who adored Him. It is at this point in God’s plan to redeem mankind to Himself
that Satan entered Judas.
Jesus called Judas a devil.
John
6:70 Jesus answered them, Have not I
chosen you twelve, and one of you is a devil?
And although the specifics aren’t related here Judas, a man given
to doubtful loyalty to Christ, is possessed, as we understand it, by Satan
himself. See here for Judas’ bad character.
John
12:6 This he said, not that he cared for
the poor; but because he was a thief, and had the bag, and bare
what was put therein.
And here for the specific occurrence of Satan taking control of
him.
John
13:26 Jesus answered, He it is, to whom
I shall give a sop, when I have dipped it.
And when he had dipped the sop, he gave it
to Judas Iscariot, the son of
Simon. 27 And after the sop
Satan
entered into him. Then said Jesus unto him, That thou doest, do quickly.
28 Now no man at the table knew for what
intent he spake this unto him. 29 For
some of them thought, because
Judas had the bag, that Jesus had said unto him, Buy those things that we have need of against the feast; or, that he
should give something to the poor. 30 He
then having received the sop went immediately out: and it was night.
But when Satan is finished using a person they are themselves
typically finished.
Matthew
27:1 ¶ When the morning was come, all
the chief priests and elders of the people took counsel against Jesus to put
him to death: 2 And when they had bound
him, they led him away, and
delivered him to Pontius Pilate the governor. 3
Then Judas, which had betrayed him, when he saw that he was condemned,
repented himself, and brought again the thirty pieces of silver to the chief
priests and elders, 4 Saying, I have
sinned in that I have betrayed the innocent blood. And they said, What is that to us? see thou to that. 5 And he cast down the pieces of silver in the
temple, and departed, and went and hanged himself. 6 And the chief priests took the silver pieces,
and said, It is not lawful for to put them into the treasury, because it is the
price of blood. 7 And they took counsel,
and bought with them the potter’s field, to bury strangers in. 8 Wherefore that field was called, The field of
blood, unto this day. 9 Then was fulfilled
that which was spoken by Jeremy the prophet, saying, And they took the thirty
pieces of silver, the price of him that was valued, whom they of the children
of Israel did value; 10 And gave them
for the potter’s field, as the Lord appointed me.
Luke 22:7
¶ Then came the day of unleavened bread,
when the passover must be killed. 8 And
he sent Peter and John, saying, Go and prepare us the passover, that we may
eat. 9 And they said unto him, Where
wilt thou that we prepare? 10 And he
said unto them, Behold, when ye are entered into the city, there shall a man
meet you, bearing a pitcher of water; follow him into the house where he
entereth in. 11 And ye shall say unto
the goodman of the house, The Master saith unto thee, Where is the guestchamber,
where I shall eat the passover with my disciples? 12 And he shall shew you a large upper room
furnished: there make ready. 13 And they
went, and found as he had said unto them: and they made ready the passover.
14 And when the hour was come, he sat down,
and the twelve apostles with him. 15 And
he said unto them, With desire I have desired to eat this passover with you
before I suffer: 16 For I say unto you,
I will not any more eat thereof, until it be fulfilled in the kingdom of God.
17 And he took the cup, and gave thanks,
and said, Take this, and divide it among yourselves: 18 For I say unto you, I will not drink of the
fruit of the vine, until the kingdom of God shall come. 19 And he took bread, and gave thanks, and brake
it, and gave unto them, saying, This is my body which is given for you:
this do in remembrance of me. 20
Likewise also the cup after supper, saying, This cup is the new
testament in my blood, which is shed for you.
Exodus
12:6 And ye shall keep it up until the
fourteenth day of the same month: and the whole assembly of the congregation of
Israel shall kill it in the evening.
Christ teaches His little congregation to honor the traditions
established by God for the Jewish people. He does not fail to follow the
Passover but becomes our Passover lamb.
Exodus
12:21 Then Moses called for all the
elders of Israel, and said unto them, Draw out and take you a lamb according to your families, and
kill the passover.
John
1:29 The next day John seeth Jesus
coming unto him, and saith, Behold the Lamb
of God, which taketh away the sin of the world.
Notice how in verse 10 that God uses anonymous people that aren’t
figured into the picture by name but have a significant part to play. We don’t
have any information for where this servant carrying a pitcher of water or his
employer or master, the goodman of the
house, met Christ or what his relationship was with Christ as a disciple.
But, we just have to accept that the information is not there. It is similar to
this in Acts where we don’t know how this group was established in Corinth.
Acts
18:9 Then spake the Lord to Paul in the
night by a vision, Be not afraid, but speak, and hold not thy peace: 10 For I am with thee, and no man shall set on
thee to hurt thee: for I have much people in this city.
Regarding the Lord’s Supper it was not uncommon in a meal for
there to be one cup passed around. Ordinary people even up through the European
Middle Ages at a group meal often drank from the same cup, put their fingers in
the same plate of food, took soup from the same pot or plate, etc. etc. Their
culture was vastly different from ours and we need to get that straight in our
heads and not read our time back into it.[1]
Paul
called this meal in 1Corinthians 11:20 The
Lord’s Supper. In 1Corinthians 10:16 he referred to it as the communion of the blood and body of
Christ. Christ breaks a piece of bread, holding it in
His hands but calling it, the bread, His body. Christ is holding a cup of wine
that is not blood but He calls it blood. Jesus uses this type of metaphor in
other places confusing His hearers who are not of the right heart.
John
6:28 ¶ Then said they unto him, What
shall we do, that we might work the works of God? 29 Jesus answered and said unto them, This is
the work of God, that ye believe on him whom he hath sent. 30 They said therefore unto him, What sign
shewest thou then, that we may see, and believe thee? what dost thou work?
31 Our fathers did eat manna in the
desert; as it is written, He gave them bread from heaven to eat. 32 Then Jesus said unto them, Verily, verily, I
say unto you, Moses gave you not that bread from heaven; but my Father giveth
you the true bread from heaven. 33 For
the bread of God is he which cometh down from heaven, and giveth life unto the
world. 34 Then said they unto him, Lord,
evermore give us this bread. 35 And
Jesus said unto
them,
I am the bread of life: he that cometh to me shall never hunger; and he that
believeth on me shall never thirst. [Jesus refers here to Himself
as being a superior Manna, true bread from heaven. It is a metaphor, a type, He
is using. Jesus is not saying He is literally bread, referring to hunger and
thirst as a spiritual condition, see Matthew 5:6 Blessed are they which do hunger and
thirst after righteousness: for they shall be filled.] 36 But I said unto you, That ye
also have seen me, and believe not. 37
All that the Father giveth me shall come to me; and him that cometh to
me I will in no wise cast out. 38 For I
came down from heaven, not to do mine own will, but the will of him that sent
me. 39 And this is the Father’s will
which hath sent me, that of all which he hath given me I should lose nothing,
but should raise it up again at the last day. 40 And this is the will of him that sent me,
that every one which seeth the Son, and believeth on him, may have everlasting
life: and I will raise him up at the last day. 41 The Jews then murmured at him, because he
said, I am the bread which came down from heaven. 42 And they said, Is not this Jesus, the son of
Joseph, whose father and mother we know? how is it then that he saith, I came
down from heaven? 43 Jesus therefore
answered and said unto them, Murmur not among yourselves. 44 No man can come to me, except the Father
which hath sent me draw him: and I will raise him up at the last day. 45 It is written in the prophets, And they shall
be all taught of God. Every man therefore that hath heard, and hath learned of
the Father, cometh unto me. 46 Not that
any man hath seen the Father, save he which is of God, he hath seen the Father.
47 Verily, verily, I say unto you, He
that believeth on me hath everlasting life. 48
I am that bread of life. 49 Your
fathers did eat manna in the wilderness, and are dead. 50 This is the bread which cometh down from
heaven, that a man may eat thereof, and not die. 51 I am the living bread which came down from
heaven: if any man eat of this bread, he shall live for ever: and the bread
that I will give is my flesh, which I will give for the life of the world.
52 The Jews therefore strove among
themselves, saying, How can this man give us his flesh to eat? 53 Then
Jesus said unto them, Verily, verily, I say unto you, Except ye eat the flesh
of the Son of man, and drink his blood, ye have no life in you. 54 Whoso eateth my flesh, and drinketh my blood,
hath eternal life; and I will raise him up at the last day. 55 For my flesh is meat indeed, and my blood is
drink indeed. 56 He that eateth my
flesh, and drinketh my blood, dwelleth in me, and I in him. 57 As the living Father hath sent me, and I live
by the Father: so he that eateth me, even he shall live by me. 58 This is that bread which came down from
heaven: not as your fathers did eat manna, and are dead: he that eateth of this
bread shall live for ever. 59 These
things said he in the synagogue, as he taught in Capernaum.
60 ¶
Many therefore of his disciples, when they had heard this, said, This is an hard saying;
who can hear it? 61 When Jesus knew in
himself that his disciples murmured at it, he said unto them, Doth this offend
you? 62 What and if ye shall see the Son of man ascend up where he was
before? 63 It is the spirit that
quickeneth; the flesh profiteth nothing: the words that I speak unto you, they are spirit, and they are life. [Here
He revealed the spiritual nature as opposed to the carnal nature of His comparison
of Himself to the Manna in the wilderness.]
64 But there are some of you that
believe not. For Jesus knew from the beginning who they were that believed not,
and who should betray him. 65 And he
said, Therefore said I unto you, that no man can come unto me, except it were
given unto him of my Father. 66 From
that time many of his disciples
went back, and walked no more with him. 67
Then said Jesus unto the twelve, Will ye also go away? 68 Then Simon Peter answered him, Lord, to whom
shall we go? thou hast the words of eternal life. 69 And we believe and are sure that thou art
that Christ, the Son of the living God. 70
Jesus answered them, Have not I chosen you twelve, and one of you is a
devil? 71 He spake of Judas Iscariot the son of Simon: for he it was that
should betray him, being one of the twelve.
So, Christ has used this comparison to underscore that meat and
drink can preserve us for a time physically but only the spiritual can preserve
us for eternity. Paul wrote;
Romans
14:17 For the kingdom of God is
not meat and drink; but righteousness, and peace, and joy in the Holy Ghost.
We have God’s words in this Bible. It is written in Job;
Job
23:12 Neither have I gone back from the
commandment of his lips; I have esteemed the words of his mouth more than my necessary food.
Job
34:3 For the ear trieth words, as the mouth tasteth meat.
So, no reasonable person is going to stuff food in their ears or
tear off a page of the Bible, crinkle it up, and try to shove it in their ear to
follow the Bible literally. We know that the Holy Spirit uses a great many
metaphors and makes use of typology in writing the Bible.
Now that we understand the spiritual nature of what Christ is
saying, that the wine in the cup is not His literal blood and the bread is not
His literal body, we can understand what is happening here more clearly.
Paul emphasized the solemnity and gravity of this recurring
ordinance and what it represents.
1Corinthians
11:26 For as often as ye eat this bread,
and drink this cup, ye do shew the Lord’s death till he come.
It is not only a solemn occasion that requires serious thought but
it is a time of self-reflection and self-examination.
1Corinthians
11:28 But let a man examine himself, and
so let him eat of that bread,
and drink of that cup. 29 For he that eateth and drinketh unworthily,
eateth and drinketh damnation to himself, not discerning the Lord’s body.
Here is the larger passage from Paul’s first letter to the
Corinthians. Paul first complains about the Corinthians raucous misuse of the
times they shared the Lord’s Supper, their disrespect of it, and then lays out
its meaning for them.
1Corinthians
11:17 ¶ Now in this that I declare unto you I praise you not, that ye come together not
for the better, but for the worse. 18
For first of all, when ye come together in the church, I hear that there
be divisions among you; and I partly believe it. 19 For there must be also heresies among you,
that they which are approved may be made manifest among you. 20 When ye come together therefore into one
place, this is not to eat the
Lord’s supper. 21 For in eating every
one taketh before other his own
supper: and one is hungry, and another is drunken. 22 What? have ye not houses to eat and to drink
in? or despise ye the church of God, and shame them that have not? What shall I
say to you? shall I praise you in this? I praise you not.
[This would show the stark contrast between a debauched and
drunken pagan feed at one of the temples of pagan gods, with food offered to
idols, and the gravity of the Lord’s Supper.]
23 ¶
For I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered unto you,
That the Lord Jesus the same
night in which he was betrayed took bread: 24
And when he had given thanks, he brake it, and said, Take, eat: this is my body, which is broken for
you: this do in remembrance of me. 25
After the same manner also he
took the cup, when he had supped, saying, This cup is the new testament
in my blood: this do ye, as oft as ye drink it, in remembrance of me. 26
For as often as ye eat this bread, and drink this cup, ye do shew the
Lord’s death till he come. 27 Wherefore
whosoever shall eat this bread, and drink this cup of the Lord, unworthily, shall be guilty of the body
and blood of the Lord. 28 But let a man
examine himself, and so let him eat of that
bread, and drink of that cup.
29 For he that eateth and drinketh
unworthily, eateth and drinketh damnation to himself, not discerning the Lord’s
body. 30 For this cause many are weak and sickly among you, and
many sleep. 31 For if we would judge
ourselves, we should not be judged. 32
But when we are judged, we are chastened of the Lord, that we should not
be condemned with the world. 33
Wherefore, my brethren, when ye come together to eat, tarry one for
another. 34 And if any man hunger, let
him eat at home; that ye come not together unto
condemnation.
And the rest will I set in order when I come.
Christ says here to do this in remembrance of Him and that the cup
of wine represents the New Testament in his blood. So, the New Testament is
likened to a cup that holds the blood of Christ. The Lord’s Supper, as we
practice it, is a memorial.
A memorial keeps something fresh in our minds. It keeps an
important event from becoming a mere, hazy memory, an intellectual assent to
something that we don’t really appreciate any more, if we ever did. By taking
the Lord’s Supper we can keep ever present in our mind that God shed His blood
and allowed His body to be broken for us. He paid our sin debt to Himself, paid
the ransom for sin to Himself, and we are indebted to Him for this sacrifice.
Exodus
30:12 When thou takest the sum of the
children of Israel after their number, then shall they give every man a ransom for his soul unto the LORD,
when thou numberest them; that there be no plague among them, when thou numberest them.
Psalm
49:7 None of them can by any means redeem his brother, nor give to God a ransom for him: [The
ransom is not paid to the Devil but by God to Himself?]
Mark
10:45 For even the Son of man came not
to be ministered unto, but to minister, and to give his life a ransom for many.
1Timothy
2:6 Who gave himself a ransom for all, to be testified in due
time.
He purchased us with His own blood, God’s own blood.
Acts
20:28 Take heed therefore unto
yourselves, and to all the flock, over the which the Holy Ghost hath made you
overseers, to feed the church of God, which he hath purchased with his own blood.
Hebrews
9:12 Neither by the blood of goats and
calves, but by his own blood he entered in once into the holy
place, having obtained eternal redemption for us.
Hebrews
13:12 Wherefore Jesus also, that he
might sanctify the people with his own
blood, suffered without the
gate.
Revelation
1:5 And from Jesus Christ, who is the faithful witness, and the first begotten of the dead,
and the prince of the kings of the earth. Unto him that loved us, and washed us
from our sins in his own blood,
[1] Norbert
Elias, The Civilizing Process: The
History of Manners (New York: Urizen Books, 1978), 69.
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